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Thinking of Sin & Determining to Sin

Answered by
Sidi Faraz Rabbani

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Question: Thinking of sin is a sin. Thoughts of sins that come to one, but which one shuntsaside are not sinful.Can you clarify this please, for it would seem to make usaccountable for our thoughts? Are we not  accountableonly for our actions? Since actions emanate from thoughts, then every action one does surelyis preceded by some thought (generally, though theymay be exceptions, such as an instinctive act one does), so the sin there is understandable. But not everythought leads to action, so why then the sin for themere thought? Would not an unacted-upon-thought concerning something prohibited, be praiseworthy?

Ibn Abbas(Allah be pleased with them) reports that the Prophet (Allah bless him & give him peace) reported from Allah Most High that, “Verily, Allah has written the good and the bad, and then explained it. Sowhoever inclines to perform a good deed but does not perform it, Allah writes it for him as a complete good deed. Then, if he inclined towards it and actually performs it, Allah writes it for him as ten good deeds to seven hundred time, to many times over. Andif he inclines towards a bad deed but does not perform it, Allah writes it for him as a complete good deed. If he inclined towards it and then performed it, Allah writes it as one bad deed.” [Bukhari, 6010 & Muslim, 187]

Imam Zaynal-Din Ibn Nujaymexplained in his al-Ashbahwaal-Nadha’irthat:

“The mere whisperings of the soul are not punished, unless one speaks or acts on them, as mentioned in the hadith in [Sahih] Muslim. The summary of what the scholars have discussed on this is that the thoughts of sin or good works that occur to the soul are of five levels:

1. The notion (hajis), which is that which occurs to it;

2. The thought (khatir), which is the notion going through it;

3. The whisperings of the soul (hadith al-nafs), which is the uncertainty is has as to whether to do something or not;

4. Inclination ( hamm ), which is to lean towards doing something;

5. Determination (`azm).

There is scholarly consensus that mere notions are not punished, for they are not from one’s actions… As for thoughts and whisperings of the soul, even though one could avoid them by negating the notion as soon as it occurs, they are, however, not takento account because of the authentic hadithsrelated to them… 

As for inclination, it has been explainedin the authentic hadithsthat inclining towards a good dead leads to a good dead being written for one, though if one [merely] inclines to a bad deed this is not written…

As for determination, the scholars of verification hold that it is takeninto account… It is mentioned in al-Bazzaziyya that, “If one inclined towards committing sin, this is not sinful, unless one fixed one’s determination on doing so. If one determined to do, one sins, but not the [complete] sin of the actual action…” [Ibn Nujaym, al-Ashbahwa’lNadha’ir]

This corresponds to what Ibn Hajaral-Asqalani(Allah have mercy on him) explained in his Fathal-Bari, commenting upon the hadith of Ibn Abbas, and he stated that this was the position of Baqillani, and that QadiIyadstated that this was the position of the majority of the early Muslims and of the scholars.

AndAllah alone gives success.

Walaikumassalam,
Faraz Rabbani

الأشباه:

377 - وَمِنْهَا حَدِيثُ النَّفْسِ لَا يُؤَاخَذُ بِهِ 378 - مَا لَمْ تَتَكَلَّمْ , أَوْ تَعْمَلْ بِهِ  كَمَا فِي حَدِيثِ مُسْلِمٍ ,

وَحَاصِلُ مَا قَالُوهُ أَنَّ الَّذِي يَقَعُ فِي النَّفْسِ مِنْ قَصْدِ الْمَعْصِيَةِ , أَوْ الطَّاعَةِ عَلَى خَمْسِ مَرَاتِبَ ,

1.الْهَاجِسُ , وَهُوَ مَا يُلْقَى فِيهَا 380 –

2.ثُمَّ جَرَيَانُهُ فِيهَا , وَهُوَ الْخَاطِرُ ,

3.ثُمَّ حَدِيثُ النَّفْسِ , وَهُوَ مَا يَقَعُ فِيهَا مِنْ التَّرَدُّدِ هَلْ يَفْعَلُ , أَوْ لَا ,

4.ثُمَّ الْهَمُّ , وَهُوَ تَرْجِيحُ قَصْدِ الْفِعْلِ ,

5.ثُمَّ الْعَزْمُ , وَهُوَ قُوَّةُ ذَلِكَ الْقَصْدِ , وَالْجَزْمُ بِهِ ,

فَالْهَاجِسُ لَا يُؤَاخَذُ بِهِ إجْمَاعًا ; لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنْ فِعْلِهِ , وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ شَيْءٌ وَرَدَ عَلَيْهِ لَا قُدْرَةَ لَهُ وَلَا صُنْعَ ,

وَالْخَاطِرُ وَاَلَّذِي بَعْدَهُ كَانَ قَادِرًا عَلَى دَفْعِهِ بِصَرْفِ الْهَاجِسِ أَوَّلَ وُرُودِهِ , وَلَكِنَّهُ هُوَ وَمَا بَعْدَهُ مِنْ حَدِيثِ النَّفْسِ 381 - مَرْفُوعَانِ بِالْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ , وَإِذَا ارْتَفَعَ حَدِيثُ النَّفْسِ ارْتَفَعَ  مَا قَبْلَهُ بِالطَّرِيقِ الْأَوْلَى وَهَذِهِ الثَّلَاثُ لَوْ كَانَتْ فِي الْحَسَنَاتِ لَمْ يُكْتَبْ بِهَا أَجْرٌ لِعَدَمِ الْقَصْدِ , وَأَمَّا الْهَمُّ فَقَدْ بُيِّنَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ 382 - أَنَّ الْهَمَّ بِالْحَسَنَةِ يُكْتَبُ حَسَنَةً 383 - وَأَنَّ الْهَمَّ بِالسَّيِّئَةِ لَا يُكْتَبُ سَيِّئَةً , وَيُنْظَرُ , فَإِنْ تَرَكَهَا لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى كُتِبَتْ حَسَنَةً , وَإِنْ فَعَلَهَا كُتِبَتْ سَيِّئَةً وَاحِدَةً 384 - , وَالْأَصَحُّ فِي مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّهُ يُكْتَبُ عَلَيْهِ الْفِعْلُ وَحْدَهُ , وَهُوَ مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ : وَاحِدَةً , وَأَمَّا الْهَمُّ فَمَرْفُوعٌ 

وَأَمَّا الْعَزْمُ فَالْمُحَقِّقُونَ عَلَى أَنَّهُ يُؤَاخَذُ بِهِ 386 - وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ جَعَلَهُ مِنْ الْهَمِّ الْمَرْفُوعِ , وَفِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ مِنْ كِتَابِ الْكَرَاهِيَةِ : هَمَّ بِمَعْصِيَةٍ لَا يَأْثَمُ إنْ لَمْ يُصَمِّمْ عَزَمَهُ عَلَيْهِ , وَإِنْ عَزَمَ يَأْثَمُ إثْمَ الْعَزْمِ لَا إثْمَ الْعَمَلِ بِالْجَوَارِحِ , إلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَمْرًا يَتِمُّ بِمُجَرَّدِ الْعَزْمِ كَالْكُفْرِ .

 

عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيمَا يَرْوِي عَنْ رَبِّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ قَالَ قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَتَبَ الْحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ ثُمَّ بَيَّنَ ذَلِكَ فَمَنْ هَمَّ بِحَسَنَةٍ فَلَمْ يَعْمَلْهَا كَتَبَهَا اللَّهُ لَهُ عِنْدَهُ حَسَنَةً كَامِلَةً فَإِنْ هُوَ هَمَّ بِهَا فَعَمِلَهَا كَتَبَهَا اللَّهُ لَهُ عِنْدَهُ عَشْرَ حَسَنَاتٍ إِلَى سَبْعِ مِائَةِ ضِعْفٍ إِلَى أَضْعَافٍ كَثِيرَةٍ وَمَنْ هَمَّ بِسَيِّئَةٍ فَلَمْ يَعْمَلْهَا كَتَبَهَا اللَّهُ لَهُ عِنْدَهُ حَسَنَةً كَامِلَةً فَإِنْ هُوَ هَمَّ بِهَا فَعَمِلَهَا كَتَبَهَا اللَّهُ لَهُ سَيِّئَةً وَاحِدَةً  [البخاري: 6010 ، مسلم 187]

 قال الحافظ في الفتح:

وهذا يدل على أن تضعيف حسنة العمل إلى عشرة مجزوم به وما زاد عليها جائز وقوعه بحسب الزيادة في الإخلاص وصدق العزم وحضور القلب وتعدي النفع كالصدقة الجارية والعلم النافع والسنة الحسنة وشرف العمل ونحو ذلك ,

...فتحمل الحالة الأولى على من هم بالمعصية هما مجردا من غير تصميم , والحالة الثانية على من صمم على ذلك وأصر عليه . وهو موافق لما ذهب إليه الباقلاني وغيره ; قال المازري : ذهب ابن الباقلاني يعني ومن تبعه إلى أن من عزم على المعصية بقلبه ووطن عليها نفسه أنه يأثم , وجمل الأحاديث الواردة في العفو عمن هم بسيئة ولم يعملها على الخاطر الذي يمر بالقلب ولا يستقر . ... عياض بأن عامة السلف وأهل العلم على ما قال ابن الباقلاني لاتفاقهم على المؤاخذة بأعمال القلوب , لكنهم قالوا : إن العزم على السيئة يكتب سيئة مجردة لا السيئة التي هم أن يعملها , كمن يأمر بتحصيل معصية ثم لا يفعلها بعد حصولها فإنه يأثم بالأمر المذكور لا بالمعصية ومما يدل على ذلك حديث " إذا التقى المسلمان بسيفهما فالمقابل والمقتول في النار , قيل هذا القاتل فما بال المقتول ؟ قال : إنه كان حريصا على قتل صاحبه "....والذي يظهر أنه من هذا الجنس وهو أنه يعاقب على عزمه بمقدار ما يستحقه ولا عاقب عقاب من باشر القتل خسا .

This answer was published by SunniPath and is preserved as written. Rulings can depend on circumstances; for your own situation, consult a qualified scholar.

Originally published by SunniPath (sunnipath.com).

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